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2. chat Nanoparticle- and Microparticle-Based Vaccine Platforms. chat Antigen delivery by micro- or nanoparticles is a versatile cutting-edge alternative for prompting responses to emerging or re-emerging pathogens, disease outbreaks, epidemics and pandemics, as they are safe (absence of infectious material), DIVA (differentiating between infected and vaccinated animals), are thermally and chemically